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Nutrient cycle in environment

  BIO-GEO CHEMICAL CYCLE OR NUTRIENT CYCLE       Bio  -    Living organism       Geo  -    Rock, Soil, Air, Water Chemical   -  Material or Nutrients        Cycle   -   Path All the types of material required by ecosystem in addition of energy, are available continuously to system through recycling. Thus there is a constant exchange of materials between the living organism and their abiotic environment through the recyling of materials. This phenomenon is called Bio-geo chemical cycle. Note: Environment factors,e.g soil , moisture, ph, temperature etc, regulate the release of nutrients into the atmosphere. Biochemical cycle The following types of cycle are found in an ecosystem. (i) Gaseous Cycle - C, H, N. O cycles. Reservoir is in the atmosphere (air) or in Hydrosphere(water). Sedimentary cycle - P. S, Ca cycles reservoirs are in earth's crust (lithosphere). Note : ...
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SYNTHESIS OF INSULIN

 Genetically engineered insulin and how it has been synthesized. 

Genetically engineered insulin has been obtained from bacteria E. Coli by introducing human insulin gene in them. 

Insulin obtained from other animal caused allergy and other type of reaction in the patient using it. Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chain A and B . They are linked by disulphide bonds.



In human beings it is synthesized as pre hormone which needs to be processed before it becomes functional hormone . The prohormone contains an extra peptide C which is not present in mature insulin. 
Recombinant DNA was applied to get insulin from genetically modified bacteria E. Coli. DNA sequences coding for peptide A and B of human insulin were prepared. These were introduced into plasmids of E. Coli. These separate chains were extracted from E. Coli in vitro and were joined together by disulphide bonds to get functional insulin or "humalin" . 
This recombinant hormone is now been produced at large scale and is being made available to the persons suffering from dibeties.
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