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Nutrient cycle in environment

  BIO-GEO CHEMICAL CYCLE OR NUTRIENT CYCLE       Bio  -    Living organism       Geo  -    Rock, Soil, Air, Water Chemical   -  Material or Nutrients        Cycle   -   Path All the types of material required by ecosystem in addition of energy, are available continuously to system through recycling. Thus there is a constant exchange of materials between the living organism and their abiotic environment through the recyling of materials. This phenomenon is called Bio-geo chemical cycle. Note: Environment factors,e.g soil , moisture, ph, temperature etc, regulate the release of nutrients into the atmosphere. Biochemical cycle The following types of cycle are found in an ecosystem. (i) Gaseous Cycle - C, H, N. O cycles. Reservoir is in the atmosphere (air) or in Hydrosphere(water). Sedimentary cycle - P. S, Ca cycles reservoirs are in earth's crust (lithosphere). Note : In these cycles, the bulk material remains in the inactive reservoir on earth crust like sediment of sea, or water
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Composition White blood cells(WBC)

 WBC

WBC (White Blood Corpuscles) are also called as leucocytes because they are colourless. TLC- Total

leucocyte count Number of WBC /mm 6000 - 8000/mm (2000-3000)

DLC :- Differential leucocyte count: number/ (%) of different type of leucocyte in per cubic mm. of blood.

Acidophils    -    2-3% of TLC

Basophils     -    0.5% -1% TLC

Neutrophils   -    60 -65% TLC

Monocytes    -    6-8% TLC

Lymphocytes  -    20-25% TLC

Leucocytosis :- Increase in TLC. This condition occur in bacterial & viral infection.

Leucocytopenia :- Decrease in TLC. Normally TLC increases in bacterial & viral infection but in typhoid &  AIDS, TLC decreases.

Leukemia:- Abnormal increase in TLC (more than 1 Lakh) it is called as blood cancer.

On the basis of nucleus & nature of cytoplasm, Leucocyte are of two type



1. Granulocytes


  a) In their cytoplasm granules are present which can be stained by specific dye.

   b) Nucleus is multilobed and lobes are interconnected by protoplasmic strand.

   c) Due to presence of lobed nucleus they are called as polymorphonuclear WBC.

    d) Produced in Bone marrow-

They are (i) Acidophils, (ii) Basophils & (iii) Neutrophils


(2) Agranulocytes


- Cytoplasm is clear & granular.

- Nucleus do not divide in lobes so called as mononuclear WBC.

 - Produced in bone marrow.

They are of 2 types (0) Monocytes (ii) Lymphocytes


ACIDOPHILS/EOSINOPHILS


a) 2-3% of TLC

b) Amoeboid in shape.

c) Size 10 - 14 u.

d) Life span - 14 Hours.

e) In their cytoplasm acidophelic granules are present which can be stain by acidic dye Eosin.

f) Nucleus is bilobed.

g) They protect body against allergy & parasitic infection.

h)  In allergy they synthesize histamine.

i)  In parasitic infection they act as lysosome. They attach with the surface or body wall of parasite and synthesize enzymes which dissolve body wall of parasite & destroy them.

j) Increase in number of acidophills condition is eosinophilia which occurs in Taeniasis, Ascariasis (Parasitic

infection), Hay fever (Allergy).


BASOPHILS


# 0.5 - 1% of TLC

# Minimum in number.

# Amoeboidal in shape.

# Size 8 - 10 ..

# Smallest granulocytes.

# Life span - 10 Hours

# In their cytoplasm basophilic granules are present which can be stain with basic dye methylene blue.

# Nuclues is divided in 2 or 3 lobes. 'S' shaped.

# Their main function is to secrete & transport heparin, histamine & serotonin. Which are produced in liver.


NEUTROPHILS/HETEROPHILS


# 60-65% of TLC

# Maximum in number.

# Amoeboidal in shape.

# Size 10-12

# Life span-12 I lour.

# In their cytoplasm granules can be stain by any dye (acidic, neutral, basic).

# Nucleus is divided in 3-5 or more lobes. So maximum lobed nucleus is present in neutrophils.

Counting of lobes of neutrophils is called Arneth count.

# They are active, motile WBC.

# They can squeeze & comes out from the wall of blood capillaries in tissue. This phenomenon is called Diapedesis.

# Phagocytic in nature

# Destroy bacteria & viruses by phagocytosis.

# Due to their smaller size & phagocytic nature they are called Micropolice man.

# Help in sex detection. In female neutrophils barr body is attached with lobe of nucleus which is formed by the modification of x chromosomes.

# Barr body is absent in male.


MONOCYTES


# 6-8% of TLC.

# Size 12 -20 .

# Largest Blood Corpuscles.

# Life span - In blood less than 24 hrs but in connective tissue it may be week/month.

# Nucleus kidney shaped/bean shaped.

# Power of diapedesis is present.

# Active motile WBC.

# Phagocytic nature.

# Destroy bacteria & viruses by phagocytosis so called macropoliceman.

# Also called scavanger of blood because they engulf damaged or dead & minute bits of blood corpusle 


LYMPHOCYTES

# 20-25% of TLC.

# Amoeboidal shape.

# Size 6-16 u (smallest WBC).

# Life span in blood -5 - 7 days or less than 10 days but in connective tissue it may be month/year/whole life.

# Large nucleus is present. Cytoplasm as peripheral layer.

# Lymphocytes are of two types.


T-LYMPHOCYTES

# Produced in bone marrow but mature in thymus gland. On the basis of function T-Lymphocytes are of

3 types

1.) T - Killer/Cytotoxic :- Direct kill bacteria or viruses

2). T - Helper :- Stimulate B-lymphocytes to produce antibody.

3) T - Suppressor :- Suppress T killer & protect immune system.


B - LYMPHOCYTES

# Produced in bone marrow and mature in bone marrow. Its function is to produce, synthesize & transport antibodies.



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