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  AIR POLLUTION AND ITS CAUSE AND SOLUTIONS  The air pollution is caused due to addition of unwanted substances or gases. The atmospheric pollution is mainly caused by the activities of man and concentrated to the inhabited and the industrial complexes in cities. There are two main categories of air pollutants (i) Gases (ii) Particulates Gases : The gaseous materials include various gases and vapours of volatile substances or the compound with a boiling point below 200°C. Particulate matter : Particulate matter consist of solid particles or liquid droplets (aerosols) small enough to remain suspended in air e.g. soot, smoke, dust, asbestos, fibres, pesticides, some metals (including Hg, Pb, Cu and Fe) and also biological agent like tiny dust mites and flower pollen. MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS     1.Carbon monoxide (CO) - Source - It is the main air pollutant released from smoke of automobile. Effect - Carbon monoxide is highly toxic gas, it combines with h...

ARE YOU PREPARING  OR NEET 2021? Preparing for NEET 2021 must read the tips FOLLOW THE FollowingRECOMMENDATIONS OF NTA   To crack NEET2021 First attempt student must make a study strategy for the examination. They should follow effective study strategy like reading book , mock test , solving no. of questions and other books including NCEET. Candidate are advised to solve the previous year questions to make their speed and accuracy. During preparation of NEET 2021 candidate should watch the video lecture provided by NTA(Natinal testing agency)  official website . Lectures are made by IIT (Indian Institute of technology)  professor and subject expert. Study tips for NEET 2021 Video is provided separately of three subjects Chemistry, physics and biology. These lectures are by reputed IIT professors/subject experts for clarifying concepts in the subject. However, it may be noted that there is no guarantee that questions in the JEE MAIN / NEET-UG exam will come from this ...

                  WATER POLLUTION  The water pollution is caused by the addition of organic and Inorganic chemicals as well as the biological materials which change the physical and chemical properties of water. This harmful process is called water pollution. The water pollution is caused by many sources such as sewage matter, industrial wastage, agricultural water domestic wastage, hot water of thermal plant and nuclear reactors etc.  Note : A mere 0.1 per cent impurities make domestic sewage unfit for human use (Figure).    1)  Domestic sewage primarily contains biodegradable organic matter.      2)  Water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ), the world's most problematic aquatic weed, also called 'Terror, Bengal'.    3) Unlike domestic sewage, waste water from industries like petroleum, paper manufacturing, metal extraction and processing, paper manufacturing, metal extraction and process...

  FUNCTIONS OF LIVER Liver is known as biological and chemical factory of the body. Liver converts ammonia (more toxic) into urea (less toxic).   Most of the biochemical functions of the body are done by the liver.   1)  Secretion and synthesis of bile - This is the main function of liver. Bile is yellowish-green, alkaline fluid.In bile juice, bile salts, sodium bicarbonate, glycocholate, taurocholate, bile pigments, cholesterol,Lecithin etc. are present.   2)  Carbohydrate Metabolism . The main centre of carbohydrate metabolism is liver.Following steps are related with carbohydrate metabolism-         Glycogenesis . The conversion and storage of extra amount of glucose into glycogen from the digedf food is called glycogenesis. The main stored food in the liver is glycogen,       Glycogenolysis - The conversion of glycogen into glucose again when glucose level in blood falls down is  calledglycogenolysis. ...

Will NEET 2021 WILL SHIFT FROM PEN PAPER TO ONLINE COMPUTERIZED EXAM? IT WILL DECIDED ON MODAY. NEET 2021: After the government increased the number of attempts for JEE exam this year, medical aspirants across the country took to Twitter to request Education Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal to increase the number of entrance exams for NEET as well.  If reports are to believed, senior officials of the ministry and the National Testing Agency (NTA) will meet on Monday to decide if NEET could be conducted more than once this year. : Syllabus to Remain Same This Year, Candidates to Get Question Options Talking to Times of India, faculty association of AIIMS Dr Rakesh Yadav said, “A student may not be able to appear due to various reasons or may have a bad day. Therefore, like the engineering entrance, NEET too can be conducted multiple times.”  Education Minister Says THIS TOI report further stated that there are two agendas for Monday’s meeting. Officials will mull if the entrance ex...

  Facebook  STRUCTURE OF MICROSPORE OR POLLEN GRAIN : pollen grain is the first cell of a male gametophyte. Pollen grain is termed as immature male gametophyte. Usually, they are in round shape. Pollen grain surrounded by two distinct layers. The outer layer (wall) is thick, rigid and ornamented, called exine . This layer is formed by cutin and sporopollenin , Sporopollenin is highly resistent material.  It is nonbiodegradable. Due to the presence of sporopollenin, fossils of pollen grain are always found in good condition. The presence of fossils of STRUCTUREOF POLLENGRAINS pollengrains can forecast the presence of natural resources like petroleum, coals etc. in the earth. The internal layer is thin, soft and elastic in nature. It is called intine . It is made up of pectin and Cellulose or pecto-cellulose . Usually, at few places on outer surface exine is absent or present in the form of thin layer. These thin places are called germ pore. The intine comes out through t...

  WBC WBC (White Blood Corpuscles) are also called as leucocytes because they are colourless. TLC- Total leucocyte count Number of WBC /mm 6000 - 8000/mm (2000-3000) DLC :- Differential leucocyte count: number/ (%) of different type of leucocyte in per cubic mm. of blood. Acidophils    -    2-3% of TLC Basophils     -    0.5% -1% TLC Neutrophils   -    60 -65% TLC Monocytes    -    6-8% TLC Lymphocytes  -    20-25% TLC Leucocytosis :- Increase in TLC. This condition occur in bacterial & viral infection. Leucocytopenia :- Decrease in TLC. Normally TLC increases in bacterial & viral infection but in typhoid &  AIDS, TLC decreases. Leukemia :- Abnormal increase in TLC (more than 1 Lakh) it is called as blood cancer. On the basis of nucleus & nature of cytoplasm, Leucocyte are of two type 1. Granulocytes   a) In their cytoplasm granules are present which can be...

  MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION Mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by the sliding filament theory which states that contraction of a muscle fibre takes place by the sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments. Muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by the central nervous system (CNS) via a motor neuron. A motor neuron alongwith the muscle fibres connected to it constitute a motor unit. The junction between a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre is called the neuromuscular junction or motor-end plate. A neural signal reaching this junction releases a neurotransmitter ( Acetyl choline ) which generates an action potential in the sarcolemma. This spreads through the muscle fibre and causes the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm. Increase in Ca++ level leads to the binding of calcium with a subunit of troponin on actin filaments and thereby remove the masking of active sites for myosin. Utilising the energy from ATP hydrol...

  CARTILAGE Outer most covering of cartilage is called Perichondrium which is composed of white fibres connective tissue. Cartilage producing cells are arranged on periphery of cartilage known as Chondrioblast . These are active cell & divide to f orm chondriocytes, and synthesize the matrix of cartilage. Mature cells of cartilage is called Chondriocytes. They are found in vacuole like space in matrix called Lacuna . In which 1 - 4 Chontrocytes are present. Chondrioclast are cartilage destroying cells. Matrix of cartilage is called chondrin composed of chondromucoprotein having Chondrotin-6-sulphate and mucopolysacchride (Hyaluronic acid) Matrix of cartilage provides rigidity & elasticity to cartilage. (Matrix solid, Pliable and resists compression) Blood circulation is absent in the matrix of cartilage but blood supply present in perichondrium. Type of Cartilage — There are following types of cartilage 1. Hyaline Cartilage. 2. Fibrous Cartilage (a) Elastic cartilage (b) Wh...

Ammonia, urea and uric acid are the major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals.  Ammonia is the most toxic form and requires large amount of water for its elimination, whereas uric acid, being the less toxic, can be removed with a minimum loss of water. On the basis of type of excretory products (ammonia, urea and uric acid, three types of animals are present) Ammonotelics : Most aquatic animals excrete nitrogenous waste as ammonia. Ammonia is readily solutie soluble so generally it is excreted by diffusion across body surfaces or thought gill  surfaces (in fish) as ammonium in Kidney do not play significent role in its removal e.g. of ammonotelic animals are teloest (many bony fish), aquatic amphibians (tadpoles), aquatic reptiles and aquatic insects etc. Ureotelics : Animals like mammals, many terrestrial amphibians, marine fish excrete urea and are called Ureotelic. Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the liver of these animals and releas...

  Genetically engineered insulin and how   it has been synthesized.  Genetically engineered insulin has been obtained from bacteria E. Coli by introducing human insulin gene in them.  Insulin obtained from other animal caused allergy and other type of reaction in the patient using it. Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chain A and B . They are linked by disulphide bonds. In human beings it is synthesized as pre hormone which needs to be processed before it becomes functional hormone . The prohormone contains an extra peptide C which is not present in mature insulin.  Recombinant DNA was applied to get insulin from genetically modified bacteria E. Coli. DNA sequences coding for peptide A and B of human insulin were prepared. These were introduced into plasmids of E. Coli. These separate chains were extracted from E. Coli in vitro and were joined together by disulphide bonds to get functional insulin or "humalin" .  This recombinant hormone is now been...

Ramapithecus - Australopithecines - homo habilis - Homo erectus- Neanderthal man - Homo sapiens Modern primates are the end products of evolutionary process that began some 65 mya from shrew like insectivores. The firstly recognisabe anthropoid in the primate fossil record were discovered in the Fayum depression of Egypt. About 15 mya ,primate called Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus existing. About 3 - 5 mya, man like primates existed in Eastern Africa. They were probably 4 feet long and walked up right. About 2 mya Australopithecines  lived in East Africa grasslands. They hunted with stones and ate fruits. The first human like being was the hominoid the Homo Habilis.  Their brain capacities were between 650-800cc. About 1-5 mya fossils of next stage human the Homo erectus were discovered from java in 1891. Their brain capacities were 900cc and probably ate meat. About 100000-40000 years back Neandarthal man with brain capacities of 1400cc lived east and central Asia.  Abo...

    Hershey and chase performed their famous experiment to prove DNA not a protein it acts as genetic material They selected bacteriophage T²   and E.coli for their experiment. They grew some bacteriophages on bacteria containg radio active phosphorus P³² and some on bacteria containg S³⁵ , radioactive sulphur. The viruses grown in radioactive P³² medium incorporated it into their DNA. Similarly viruses grown on radioactive S³⁵ incorporate it in their protein coat. Now these both types of viruses were allowed to infect bacteria separately. The infected bacterial cells were agitated in blender to remove the viral particle from them. The radioactivity was found only in the bacterial cells infected with P³² containg viruses. It was found in the bacterial cells infected with S³⁵ protein cast viruses.  This proves that  DNA acts as genetic material Experiment for DNA as Genetic material